Chronic bronchitis, along with emphysema, is classified as one of the major conditions contributing to chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). [5][37][38] This situation is referred to as cor pulmonale, and leads to symptoms of leg swelling[22] and bulging neck veins. Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Coughing is often more pronounced initially upon awakening and then reduces in frequency while awake and active. The most common signs of chronic bronchitis include daily coughing, difficulty breathing or wheezing for two to three months or longer. [68] A pulmonary embolism (PE) (blood clot in the lung) can worsen symptoms in those with pre-existing COPD. [9] A person's genetic makeup also affects the risk. [175] The disease affects men and women almost equally, as there has been increased tobacco use among women in the developed world. It occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes is constantly irritated and inflamed. [122] They reduce shortness of breath, wheeze, and exercise limitation, resulting in an improved quality of life. In the United States, 80 to 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking. [141] When compared to tiotropium, the LAMAs aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium appear to have a similar level of efficacy; with all four being more effective than placebo. [2] In those with more severe disease, long-acting agents are recommended. [63] Infections appear to be the cause of 50 to 75% of cases,[63][64] with bacteria in 30%, viruses in 23%, and both in 25%. [28][29] Estimates of the number of people who smoke and have chronic bronchitis who also have COPD is 60%. [207] The effectiveness of alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation treatment for people who have alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is unclear. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation … [22] Both the American and European guidelines recommend partly basing treatment recommendations on the FEV1. [22] The modified British Medical Research Council questionnaire or the COPD assessment test (CAT) are simple questionnaires that may be used to determine the severity of symptoms. [22] Typically, the shortness of breath is worse on exertion of a prolonged duration and worsens over time. [22] Weight loss and muscle weakness, as well as the presence of other diseases, should also be taken into account. [39] In the United States, in 2016, 8.6 million people were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, and there were 518 reported deaths. [71][72] Hyperinflation from exercise is linked to shortness of breath in COPD, as breathing in is less comfortable when the lungs are already partly filled. They show promise in decreasing the rate of exacerbations, but do not appear to change a person's quality of life. Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis. [40] In the early stages, a cough can maintain mucus clearance. [175], The rate at which COPD worsens varies with the presence of factors that predict a poor outcome, including severe airflow obstruction, little ability to exercise, shortness of breath, significant underweight or overweight, congestive heart failure, continued smoking, and frequent exacerbations. Percentage of females smoking tobacco as of the late 1990s early 2000s. Chronic means that the condition lasts a long time. [5] In more than 90% of cases the cause is a viral infection. [3] COPD treatments include smoking cessation, vaccinations, respiratory rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids. [81] A high-resolution CT scan of the chest may show the distribution of emphysema throughout the lungs and can also be useful to exclude other lung diseases. The weather was thought to be at play 87 ] chronic bronchitis wiki casts obstruct the airflow reduction generally not., as well as ten or fourteen of adverse effects for people who have alpha-1 augmentation. 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