The new approaches included realistic portrayals of animals in their natural surroundings. The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Hindu temple dedicated to the sun god. When the river changed its course in 2000 BCE, a smaller inlet, 7 metres (23 feet) wide was made in the longer arm, connected to the river by a 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) channel. Indus Valley Civilization was one of the civilizations established during the Bronze Age around 3300 BCE. He founded this civilization in 1931 AD in 3250 BC. Studs, cogwheel and heart-shaped ornaments of fainence and steatite were popular in Lothal. [21] Hundreds of ill-equipped settlements have been attributed to this people as Late Harappans a completely de-urbanised culture characterised by rising illiteracy, less complex economy, unsophisticated administration and poverty. The citizens did not undertake encroachments, and rebuilt public baths. Resuming excavation in 1961, archaeologists unearthed trenches sunk on the northern, eastern and western flanks of the mound, bringing to light the inlet channels and nullah ("ravine", or "gully") connecting the dock with the river. Harappan craftsmen are the first known producers of what cloth? The meaning of the name ‘Lothal’ means ‘Mound of the Dead’ in local Gujarati language. Its scientists used a shell compass and divided the horizon and sky into 8–12 whole parts, possibly pioneering the study of stars and advanced navigation—2000 years before the Greeks. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and Answers on Harappa Question 1: The site of Harappa is located on the bank of river? The Lothal city has an ancient well along with a city drainage canal which is one of its kind of the Indus civilization. However, with a poorly organised government, and no outside agency or central government, the public works could not be properly repaired or maintained. Quantitative descriptions, seals of rulers and owners were stamped on goods. a) Saraswati. Their work in metallurgy, seals, beads and jewellerywas the basis of their prosperity. People in villages neighbouring to Lothal had known of the presence of an ancient town and human remains. On a miniature jar, the story of the thirsty crow and deer is depicted – of how the deer could not drink from the narrow-mouth of the jar, while the crow succeeded by dropping stones in the jar. Discover beautiful places and Hidden wonders of this beautiful and mysterious earth. The remains of this house give evidence to a sophisticated drainage system. cotton. [citation needed] An indigenous micaceous Red Ware culture also existed, which is believed to be[who?] [18] The people built a new but shallow inlet to connect the flow channel to the dock for sluicing small ships into the basin. [23] The Lothal craftsmen took care to ensure durability and accuracy of stone weights by blunting edges before polishing. It is suggested that the practice occurred only on occasion. According to an impression at the museum, ships could sluice into the northern end of the dock by an inlet channel connected to the estuary of River Sabarmati during high tide and the lock gates were closed so the water level would rise sufficiently for them to float. Lothal is situated near the village of Saragwala in the Dholka Taluka of Ahmedabad district. This is the first Indus Valley Civilization site that I visited after reading so much about them. Lothal had a highly developed bead-making industry that has not been surpassed even by the modern Cambay craftspeople working 4000 years later. The remains of the civilization were first noticed at Harappa, therefore it is also known as the Harappan civilization. [26] Animal worship is also evidenced, but not the worship of the Mother Goddess that is evidenced in other Harappan cities—experts consider this a sign of the existence of diversity in religious traditions. [2] Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments. Among these, Lothal has been a significant port city for the trade of beads, gems and ornaments. Adjacent to the excavated areas stands the Archaeological Museum, where some of the most prominent collections of Indus-era antiquities in India are displayed. This scene bears resemblance to the story of The Fox and the Crow in the Panchatantra. Public drains were replaced by soakage jars. Drains, manholes and cesspools kept the city clean and deposited the waste in the river, which was washed out during high tide. An ivory seal, and sawn pieces for boxes, combs, rods, inlays and ear-studs were found during excavations. A Lothal and Ropar. However, this interpretation has been challenged by other archaeologists, who argue that Lothal was a comparatively small town, and that the "dock" was actually an irrigation tank. Lima, Peru is home to a number of different wonders of the world, and one of them is Huaca Pucllana, a massive pyramid that many people had no idea even existed. A Hunchbacked bull was worshipped animal of this civilization. The Bead-making Furnace. These included objects made from bronze, copper, stone, chert, shells and bones. Answer : (d) Question 2: Which one among the following cities was known for water management? The bead factories comprised the main industry of the Harappans where agate and other semi-precious stones abound. The museum displays seals and toys reflecting trade with Persian Gulf and African ports. It was discovered in 1954 and excavated from 1955 to 1960 by Archaeological Survey of India(ASI). Lothal was originally the site for the lustrous Red Ware culture, associated with the post-Rigvedic Vedic civilization, and named for its mica-related pottery. Movements and emotions are suggested by the positioning of limbs and facial features—in a 15 cm × 5 cm (5.9 in × 2.0 in) jar without overcrowding.[37]. Post-cremation burials have been noted in other Indus sites like Harappa, Mehi and Damb-Bhuti. The Harappan civilization first became known in the 1920s. Metalware, gold and jewellery and tastefully decorated ornaments attest to the culture and prosperity of the people of Lothal. A massive flood (c. 1900 BCE) completely destroyed the flagging township in a single stroke. "Lothal" The Port of Harappan Civilization Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization.Located in Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt The foundations show a mansion that would have once existed on the acropolis. a) Lothal. Soon after the discovery of cities like Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan have also been discovered and were come to be known as the Harappan cities or also the advent of Harappan Civilization. A courtyard. [33] [14] One of the evidence of trade in Lothal is the discovery of typical Persian gulf seals, a circular button seal[17], While the wider debate over the end of Indus civilisation continues, archaeological evidence gathered by the ASI appears to point to natural catastrophes, specifically floods and storms as the source of Lothal's downfall. grains. The findings consist of a mound, a township, a marketplace, and the dock. The flood affected the entire region of Saurashtra, Sindh and south Gujarat, and affected the upper reaches of the Indus and Sutlej, where scores of villages and townships were washed away. (Fig 3.2) This suggests that Lothal was an important port and trading centre of the Harappan people. It is six kilometres south-east of the Lothal-Bhurkhi railway station on the Ahmedabad-Bhavnagar railway line. [7], The meaning of Lothal (a combination of Loth and (s) thal) in Gujarati to be "the mound of the dead" is not unusual, as the name of the city of Mohenjo-daro in Sindhi means the same. The well is built of radial bricks, 2.4 metres (7.9 feet) in diameter and 6.7 metres (22 feet) deep. This is known from the finding of chaffs of wheat and barley from here. Cubical blocks of the warehouse on a high platform are also visible. [3] The controversy was finally settled when scientists from The National Institute of Oceonography, Goa discovered foraminifera (marine microfossils) and salt, gypsum crystals in the rectangular structure clearly indicating that sea water once filled the structure. An artistic impression of how Lothal must have looked when it was a trading town. Brick-paved passages between blocks served as vents, and a direct ramp led to the dock to facilitate loading. After the ships had loaded or unloaded cargo, the gates were opened for them to return to the sea. Lothal stands 670 kilometers (420 miles) from Mohenjo-daro, which is in Sindh. As recently as 1850, boats could sail up to the mound. Tel:+91 79 23977200 Fax:+91 79 23977202 Toll Free Number:1800 203 1111 E -mail: info@gujarattourism.com grains. [36] Paintings depict animals in their natural surroundings. d) Ravi. [10] It is essentially a single culture site—the Harappan culture in all its variances is evidenced. The lower town was also periodically enlarged during Lothal's years of prosperity. The tank’s dimensions indicate the dock could handle 60 ships of 30 tonnes each. Archaeologists estimate that in most cases, the bricks were in ratio 1:0.5:0.25 on three sides, in dimensions which were integral multiples of large graduations of Lothal scale of 25 mm (0.98 in). Explanation: Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. The scale is 6 millimetres (0.2 inches) thick, 15 mm (0.59 in) broad and the available length is 128 mm (5.0 in), but only 27 graduations are visible over 46 mm (1.8 in), the distance between graduation lines being 1.70 mm (0.067 in) (the small size indicates use for fine purposes). The methods of Lothal bead-makers were so advanced that no improvements have been noted over 4,000 years—modern makers in the Khambhat area follow the same technique. Dock and city peripheral walls were maintained efficiently. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The features of the animals are clear and graceful. Lothal, which means 'The City of Dead', is an old city dating back to the 4,400-year-old Harappan civilization and one of the few known ports on an ocean. January 19th, 2016. The flood-damaged peripheral wall of mud-bricks is visible near the warehouse area. What happened to the Indus valley civilization. It had an immaculate network of underground drains, silting chambers and cesspools, and inspection chambers for solid waste. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary. This showed a thorough study of tides, hydraulics and the effect of seawater on bricks. autochthonous and pre-Harappan. A silted creek connecting modern Bholad with Lothal and Saragwala represents the ancient flow channel of a river or creek. [24], For their renowned draining system, Lothal engineers provided corbelled roofs, and an apron of kiln-fired bricks over the brick face of the platform where the sewerage entered the cesspool. [9] The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. The main inlet is 12.8 metres (42 feet) wide, and another is provided on the opposite side. Lothal’s location has always been known by the locals. The warehouses near the dockyard were set on a 3.5 m high plinth. Every site adds to the mystique and scale of civilization. By Earth is Mysterious. Lothal brick-makers used a logical approach in manufacture of bricks, designed with care in regards to thickness of structures. The worst consequence was the shift in the course of the river, cutting off access to the ships and dock. The people of Lothal made significant and often unique contributions to human civilisation in the Indus era, in the fields of city planning, art, architecture, science, engineering, pottery, and religion. 16, 4th Floor, Sector-11, Gandhinagar - 382 011. Throughout their time, the city had to brace itself through multiple floods and storms. There is a short inscription of intaglio in almost every seal. The rulers could thus supervise the activity on the dock and warehouse simultaneously. A large disc with holes recovered from a sacrificial altar is compared to the rukma worn by Vedic priests. Lothal (Manchester of Indus Valley Civilisation) in Gujara t – dockyard, double burial, risk husk, fire altars, painted jar, modern day chess, terracotta figure of ship, instruments for measuring 45, 90 and 180-degree angles. A thick ring-like shell object found with four slits each in two margins served as a compass to measure angles on plane surfaces such as housing alignments, roads or land surveys. The complete excavation was handled by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Lothal provides with the largest collection of antiquities in the archaeology of modern India. [11], A flood destroyed village foundations and settlements (c. 2350 BCE). Lothal is a city of the Indus Valley Civilization. The few people who returned to Lothal could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly continued to stay and preserved religious traditions, living in poorly built houses and reed huts. Till 1920, the relics of the civilization were found only in the Indus valley region; therefore, it was known as the Indus civilization. It is also connected by all-weather roads to the cities of Ahmedabad (85 km/53 mi), Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Dholka. The excavation started from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to unearth the ancient city. These were joined together so expertly that not even a strand of hair could pass through the connections. b) Mohenjodaro. The residential area was located to either side of the marketplace. The bead factory, which performs a very important economic function, possesses a central courtyard and eleven rooms, a store, and a guardhouse. 4. Lothal exported its beads, gemstones, ivory and shells. [14] But thanks to the loam deposited by persistent floods, the dock walls were preserved beyond the great deluge (c. 1900 BCE). [39] Animal figures with wheels and a movable head may have been utilised as toys. [32] Lothal produced a large quantity of gold ornaments—the most attractive item being microbeads of gold in five strands in necklaces, unique for being less than 0.25 millimetres (0.010 inches) in diameter. The extent of drains provided archaeologists with many clues regarding the layout of streets, organisation of housing and baths. Today, the local villagers likewise worship a sea goddess, Vanuvati Sikotarimata, suggesting a connection with the ancient port's traditions and historical past as an access to the sea. Situated at a distance of 80 kms from Ahmedabad, Lothal city is one of the well known cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. The main sewer, 1.5 m deep and 91 cm across, connected north-south and east-west ones and was constructed from smoothened bricks. It’s unclear what happened to the Indus people. Harappa is known to be a 4700 years old city in the subcontinent which was discovered around the time 1920. Earth is Mysterious focuses on history, mythology and past civilizations that walked the earth. During the period of its existence, Indus Valley Civilization managed to give birth to numerous incidents that remain interesting to date.Out of all events, there are a few which are of interest to the people living now and then. At the height of its habitation, it covered a wider area since remains have been found 300 metres (980 feet) south of the mound. Four large rooms and a hall, with an overall measurement of 17.1 by 12.8 metres (56 ft × 42 ft). About this time ASI archaeologists record a mass movement of refugees from Punjab and Sindh into Saurashtra and to the valley of Sarasvati (1900–1700 BCE). A north-south arterial street was the main commercial area. The pedestal was very high to provide maximum protection from floods. Stagnant rain water has lathered the brick and mud work with layers of moss. Harappans invented a unique bead-making technique which made their beads popular across the world. (Fig 3.2) This suggests that Lothal was an important port and trading centre of the Harappan people. In 1920-21, the Harappan civilization was discovered in the excavations by D. R. Salini (at Harappa) and by R. D. Banerjee (at Mohenjo Daro).. Small channel widths (10–300 m or 33–984 ft) when compared to the lower reaches (1.2–1.6 km or 0.75–0.99 mi) suggest the presence of a strong tidal influence upon the city—tidal waters ingressed up to and beyond the city. Between 1954 and 1958, more than 50 sites were excavated in the Kutch (notably Dholavira), and Saurashtra peninsulas, extending the limits of Harappan civilisation by 500 kilometres (310 miles) to the river Kim, where the Bhagatrav site accesses the valley of the rivers Narmada and Tapti. [42] Another assessment is that the basin could have served as an irrigation tank, for the estimated original dimensions of the "dock" are not large enough, by modern standards, to house ships and conduct much traffic. The city was divided into a citadel, or acropolis and a lower town. [47] The baths were primarily located in the acropolis—mostly two-roomed houses with open courtyards. Lothal was a vital and thriving trade centre in ancient times, with its trade of beads, gems and valuable ornaments reaching the far corners of West Asia and Africa. [citation needed] This is evidenced in adjacent cities of Rangpur, Rojdi, Rupar and Harappa in Punjab, Mohenjo-daro and Chanhudaro in Sindh. It also showcases the uniformity of weights and measures used during the Harappan civilisation — bricks in perfect ratio while weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 1.2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500, with each unit weighing around 28 g, similar to the English ounce or Greek uncia. [citation needed] It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well. [46], Lothal's acropolis was the town centre, its political and commercial heart, measuring 127.4 metres (418 feet) east-to-west by 60.9 metres (200 feet) north-to-south. (Now it is 3.35 metres or 11.0 feet.) [37] Artistic imagination is also suggested via careful portrayals—for example, several birds with legs aloft in the sky suggest flight, while half-opened wings suggest imminent flight. To be updated with all the latest news, offers and special announcements. Soon after the discovery of cities like Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan have also been discovered and were come to be known as the Harappan cities or also the advent of Harappan Civilization. C Mohenjodaro and Harappa. About Lothal. Ropar in Punjab – dog buried with human oval pit burials. Rising high out of the earth from where the dying Buddha donated his begging bowl, the enormous Kesaria Stupa is an enthralling example of how nature can reclaim a deserted monument. Explanation: As there are some of the prominent sites near the Gujarat pone of them is called the lothal in Ahmedabad and was discovered in 1954.By the archaeological survey of India as this city was located at the freshwater reserves and the freshwater soil, of the ran of kutch. Harappan houses were centered around what feature? Lothal was a major port of trade. The dock spans 37 m from east to west and 22 m from north to south. Called as Matripradhan or matriarchic civilization. © Copyright 2019 - 2020 Earth is Mysterious, The temple standing magnificently on a hill crescent is a unique example of monolithic temples in the sub Himalayan region. In this post we discuss the Origin of Lothal Civilization and the living style of Lothal people. [citation needed] Their work in metallurgy, seals, beads and jewellery was the basis of their prosperity. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The Lothal site has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO. The proximity of the seat of power to the warehouse ensured a powerful person, perhaps a ruler, could inspect stocks easily from here. [citation needed], After the core of the Indus civilisation had decayed in Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Lothal seems not only to have survived but to have thrived for many years. INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.2 1. To counter the thrust of water, offsets were provided on the outer wall faces. C pottery. "Lothal was discovered as a result of a systematic survey of Gujarat undertaken by the author in the year 1954 as part of the programme for locating Harappan settlements within the present-day borders of India. The origin and history of Lothal can be dated back to 2400 BC. Bridge of Rama: Traces of an Ancient Advanced Civilization, The Indus – The Masters of the River (Documentary), 1100-year-old monolithic sandstone Shivling unearthed in Vietnam’s Cham temple complex, Jews and Arabs share genetic link to ancient Canaanites, study finds, Neolithic genomes from modern-day Switzerland indicate parallel ancient societies, Key Monastery – Beautiful Tibetan Monastery in Himachal Pradesh, India, The Huaca Pucllana: A massive ancient pyramid you probably never knew existed, 2800 Years Old Megalithic Site Of Hire benkal, Liangzhu: the 5,000-year-old Chinese civilisation that time forgot, Konark Sun Temple: A Stunning Chariot-Shaped Temple, Kesaria Stupa – One of Tallest Buddhist Stupa in State of Neglect. Houses were rebuilt, yet without removal of flood debris, which made them poor-quality and susceptible to further damage. Harappans based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the lines of greater cities in the Indus valley. An intensive trade network gave the inhabitants great prosperity. When we talk about gravity, the first name that pops into our heart is Sir Isaac Newton. Most of their equipment: metal tools, weights, measures, seals, earthenware and ornaments were of the uniform standard and quality found across the Indus civilization. Lothal is famous for the discovery of several ruins of Indus Valley Civilization May 19, 2017 Lothal is located between the Sabarmati river and its tributary Bhogavo, in the Saurasthra region. Expert masonry kept the sewer watertight and drops at regular intervals acted as an automatic cleaning device. Lothal (IPA: [loˑt̪ʰəl]) was one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization,[1] located in the Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt. [29], Lothal copper is unusually pure, lacking the arsenic typically used by coppersmiths across the rest of the Indus valley. Stamp seals with copper rings inserted in a perforated button were used to sealing cargo, with impressions of packing materials like mats, twisted cloth and cords, a fact verified only at Lothal. The remnants of the north-south sewer are burnt bricks in the cesspool. Celts, fish-hooks, chisels, spears and ornaments oval pit burials go to Sindh – a little away... Of beads, gemstones, ivory and shells, or acropolis and a lower town you! Sandstone Shiva Linga of the Fox and the bridge were made for export and local consumption fine..., you can also see a bead-making furnace enclosed in a steel mesh 16 ] Commerce and administrative duties performed. Were primarily located in the river, cutting off access to the mound first doubted by Leshnik in 1968 later! Uruk as one of the Indian subcontinent were also discovered at Lothal, a brick has. 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