She is also the co-author of the Dear Hero duology, which was published by INtense Publications. Yet, as we saw in yesterday’s post, the author of Hebrews is making a case for his audience that true faith is the foundation of our hope and it requires us to trust that which we cannot see. Some early Church fathers believed the author to be St. Paul. Church history until the past few centuries had attributed the authorship to him as well. scholars have sought to identify the author of Hebrews. . 1:1; and 2 Tim. Yea, he desired to be restored unto them as one that had been with them before. The Author of Hebrews While the Book of Hebrews does not reveal its author, it is safe to say with “a great deal of certainty that it was a man who belonged to Hellenistic or Greek-speaking Christianity.”9 Besides that, the Book of Hebrews has been attributed to many authors; some think it was Paul or even 4 Priscilla while other people think it was either Apollos or Barnabas. Although many scholars have debated the authorship of various books of the Bible, Hebrews is the only one that does not have a majority rule as to who wrote it. Also, Rahab is named by Matthew as the wife of a leading member of the community. This seems to be a description of the Book of Hebrews. Parallels between Hebrews and Paul’s writings. 13:22). Paul? Hebrews is probably therefore a written homily, to which the author gave an epistolary ending (Heb 13:22–25). In the first few centuries, the book was grouped together with Paul’s 13 NT letters. Furthermore, it is doubtful that Timothy had any connection to Alexandria, though that connection may not be necessary. The enormously influential King James Bible took its cue from this tradition. For Instructors and School Administrators. There are a couple reasons why this might be the case. Let's take a look at the context and some clues to determine who wrote the book fo Hebrews. Second, both Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150 – 215) and Origen (AD 185 – 253) claimed a Pauline association for the book but recognized that Paul himself probably did not put pen to paper for this book, even though they did not know the author’s name. While many accredit the section to Paul, others give credit to a woman name Priscilla that is mention throughout the New Testament. Hebrews as an Epistle Hebrews is believed to have been written in the second half of the first century, most probably between AD 60 and AD 70.5 This was a time in which the Hellenistic culture was still widespread in the Roman Empire. In short, the author most likely had some connection with Paul, whether it was Paul himself or one of his friends who had heard a number of his sermons and read his writings. “All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he distributes them to each one, just as he determines.”, Hebrews 2:14( – 17) The internal evidence presented by the book of Hebrews itself indicates an author other than Paul. Although perhaps Paul had written the book, perhaps someone who had followed him closely in ministry, and heard his sermons and the examples he used compiled this book. Barnabas? (Check out more comparisons on Bible Study Tools here.). God purposefully withheld the name of the human instrument He used. Answer: Theologically speaking, scholars generally regard the book of Hebrews to be second in importance only to Paul’s letter to the Romans in the New Testament. ), who said, according to Eusebius, “Who wrote the epistle of Hebrews? Some popular verses from this book include: Hebrews 4:12 “For the word of God is alive and active. Cyril condemns the monk's teaching as a heresy, which the author attributes to Carpocrates, Satornilus, and Ebionites. In spite of all this evidence for Pauline authorship, few New Testament scholars today believe Paul wrote it. No other book so eloquently defines Christ as high priest of Christianity, superior to the Aaronic priesthood, and the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. Luke? After all, a number of the apocryphal books and pseudepigraphal books (books written under a false name) did not make the cut for the New Testament canon. In fact, in the KJV, you’ll find the title translated as it was found in some manuscripts: “The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews.” The tradition of Pauline authorship continued. Eusebius believed that Paul was the author of Hebrews but acknowledged that this opinion was not universal. The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." Its audience members would have known the original author, a companion of Paul or Paul, and they would have found hope in its truthful words, numerous examples from the Old Testament, and list of heroes of the faith. The author of the letter to the Hebrews does not give his name, so a number of names have been offered throughout the years. Got Questions explains that Luke, given his Greek and Gentile background, may have favored the Septuagint translation over the Masoretic translation and compiled the book, after having heard Paul’s preaching and examples he used in sermons. Though we cannot be absolutely sure who the writer was, the letter does give a few hints that help us identify certain characteristics about him. Eusebius believed that Paul was the author of Hebrews but acknowledged that this opinion was not universal. As noted above, the stylistic differences influenced Origen, Clement’s student, to such a degree that he finally concluded: “Who wrote the epistle only God knows. Hebrews and Revelation never claimed to have been written by Paul and the apostle John respectively. Yet, as we saw in yesterday’s post, the author of Hebrews is making a case for his audience that true faith is the foundation of our hope and it requires us to trust that which we cannot see. it says, amongst other things:
Speak your truth quietly and clearly;
and listen to others,
even the dull and the ignorant;
they too have their story. The Book of Hebrews is one of the disputed books of the Bible when it comes to authorship. When Acts 6:1 mentions both Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, the phrase pros tous hebraious is used in that context, the exact phrase by which Hebrews is later known. Throughout Hebrews the author attributed all of the Scriptural quotes to God. The book survived the test of time because the apostles, who had not perished or been martyred yet, approved of its authority and made copies to send throughout the churches. He was taught by Paul’s companions, Priscilla and Aquila (Acts 18:24 – 28). The King James Version assumes Pauline authorship. This description of the author's purpose helps orient us to the main ideas found in the book of Hebrews. “Since the children have flesh and blood, he too shared in their humanity so that by his death he might break the power of him who holds the power of death. Article Images Copyright © 2021 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. The Book Of Hebrews Author: Unknown; The East (i.e. Here the author explains that he is a second generation believer—not an eyewitness of Jesus. Apostates will burn in hell with the other non-believers. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. He was a highly educated Alexandrian who would have been schooled in the literary style exemplified by Hebrews. Question: "Who wrote the Book of Hebrews? The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." This brings us to our next question: If we do not know the author, how can we trust the text? (Didn't the author know about confession or the finality of being saved?) Even centuries earlier in the fourth century, the church of Rome did not believe Paul wrote Hebrews, possibly retaining a latent memory of the actual author (Eusebius, Hist. We'll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password. Clement? and in him all things hold together.”, Hebrews 2:4 During the start of the early church, a number of the Jewish converts tried to convince the Gentile converts of Christianity that they needed to be circumcised (Ephesians 2:11). The author begins with a reminder of the preexistence, incarnation, and exaltation of Jesus that proclaimed him the climax of God’s word to humanity (Heb 1:1–3). Why Apollos might have been the author of Hebrews. There is in fact, so much information unknown concerning Hebrews that not only is the writer in question but the date it was made, and even the name, “To [the] Hebrews” is debated as the original title. But, as I have said, there was a human author. Yea, he desired to be restored unto them as one that had been with them before. In Titus 3:13 Paul mentions Apollos People believed and taught that Paul was the author of Hebrews for centuries, despite reservations which explain why it is placed at the end of the rest of Paul’s letters. The Author . We can’t ask the author of Hebrews if that’s how they felt, but the way these words leap from the page 2,000 years later certainly makes it seem that way! Origin also recognized that Paul himself probably did not write Hebrews.[5]. For in him all things were created . What evidence have you that it was Paul who wrote Hebrews, the way he starts and ends some believe is not Paul's way of writing. 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph. Luther himself believed that Paul wrote Hebrews, but also suggested that Apollos could have been the author. Eusebius, the great historian of the church, recognizes that the letter Clement wrote from Rome to the Corinthian church in the late first century contained many allusions to and quotations from Hebrews and notes that on that basis some believed that Clement himself was the translator or author of Hebrews (Hist. Clearly, like Paul, the author knew his Bible well, and he was a good teacher. Black’s interpretation of Origen should be rejected. It is impossible for fallen-away Christians to be saved. 13:22). Let’s take a look at the reasons each of them might be the author. 2 Cor. However, not all in the East were in agreement. Paul emphasizes the certainty of salvation in Romans 8:28-39, yet in Hebrews 6 and Hebrews 10, the author clearly states that it is impossible to be brought back to repentance. Third, some scholars, like Mimi Haddad at CBE International, have suggested that Priscilla wrote the book of Hebrews. i don't doubt that the author of hebrews believed that, but he was wrong.

when i was a yound man there was a piece or writing that was very popular. 5. Copyright © 2021, Bible Study Tools. Origen knew through tradition or hearsay that some thought Luke was the author of Hebrews, and that others believed Clement of Rome wrote it. Cf. 2 Throughout this article masculine pronouns designate the author of Hebrews, for I am convinced that a man wrote the document. 3.38.2). The style of Hebrews, except in the closing verses (13:18 – 25), is quite unlike any other writing of Paul’s that has survived. This was taken as evidence that Paul had written it, and some Eastern churches accepted Hebrews as canonical earlier than in the West. The author knew Timothy and referred to him as “our brother” (Hebrews 13:23, CSB) rather than “my son” as Paul did in (1 Timothy 1:2). it's rather looked down on now, but i still value it. I don’t absolutely know that Priscilla wrote Hebrews. Some believe Paul to be the author, who wrote at least thirteen books in the New Testament and others attribute the book to Priscilla, a friend of Paul’s who accompanied him during part of his ministry. First, in the earliest manuscript editions of the New Testament books, Hebrews is included after Romans among the books written by the apostle Paul. Some people think that Paul wrote Hebrews. Hebrews was likely written prior to 70 AD, when the Romans sacked Jerusalem and laid waste to their sacrificial systems. The author of Hebrews writes, “After it was at the first spoken through the Lord, it was confirmed to us by those who heard, 4 God also testifying with them, both by signs and wonders and by various miracles and by gifts of the Holy Spirit according to His own will” (Heb. The author of Hebrews wrote to exhort his audience to reject local Jewish teachings and to remain faithful to Jesus. 6:8. The book of Jude itself tells us that it was written by “Jude, slave of Jesus the Anointed One, and brother of James.” The notion that Luke or Clement of Rome translated the epistle from Hebrew into Greek is a later development. Since the time of Origen (185 - 256 AD.) The author of Hebrews begins by expounding on the preeminence of Christ’s person and shows that because He is the magnificent sovereign of the universe and the ultimate revelation of God, He is inherently greater than the angels, Moses and the priests of the old covenant. Although we may not know who wrote the book, those who received it would have. The Book Of Hebrews Author: Unknown; The East (i.e. Hebrews Its author. 20). Practically speaking, however, the identity of the author does not affect the scope of this study. It is thought that at one point the author had been recognized and revered by its audience. The author of Hebrews extensively argues that God had ‘liberated’ (freed) the ethnic/cultural/religious line of Hebrew people from the Law of Moses to enter into God’s rest (Hebrews 3-4). In truth, only God knows!” (Hist. But Jesus became a man. The nuanced position on the authorship question by the Alexandrian fathers was obscured by later church tradition that mistook Pauline association for Pauline authorship. By ‘Jewish’, we mean that his family came from the families of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Those who have rejected Pauline authorship are divided as to who did write Hebrews. Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. Shabbat Shalom, I humbly submit for review consideration testing and sharpening. Even centuries earlier in the fourth century, the church of Rome did not believe Paul wrote Hebrews, possibly retaining a latent memory of the actual author (Eusebius, Hist. For instance, the statement in Hebrews 10:14 that those who have been “made perfect” are in the process of being “made holy” sounds very much like Paul’s teaching on justification (e.g., Rom. Apollos was “mighty in the Scriptures” and he “refuted the Jews in public, demonstrating by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ” (Acts 18:24-28). It is likely that the writer was a well-educated Hellenistic Jew (a Greek-speaking Jew) who had become a Christian. Not only was he influenced by Paul, but he was also not a first-generation Christian (Jobes, 40). An even more persuasive argument that the apostle Paul was not the author of Hebrews is the way the author alludes to himself in Hebrews 2:3, stating that the gospel was confirmed “to us” by those who heard the Lord announce salvation. Alexandria) as a whole believed that Paul was the author, while the West (i.e. Volumes have been written and theories have been postulated. It is likely that the writer was a well-educated Hellenistic Jew (a Greek-speaking Jew) who had become a Christian. Donald Guthrie’s commentary The Letter to the Hebrews (1983) mentions Priscilla by name as a suggested author. It has been shown that when Origen speaks of who wrote the epistle he was referring to the author, not merely the secretary. Second, the author knows that by using examples from the Old Testament, they can better appeal to the audience. All Rights Reserved. It’s certainly reasonable to conclude Paul wrote the book of Hebrews. eccl. While we wait for Warren to complete writing his commentary on the next passage, it might interest you that the author of the letter to the Hebrews will remain a mystery. After all, the Hall of Faith featured in Hebrews 11 features three women, something a male writer may overlook. Alexandria) as a whole believed that Paul was the author, while the West (i.e. In spite of the weight of scholarly inference, the book of Hebrews does not in fact name its author. Instructor: Several theories regarding the author’s identity have been proposed over the centuries, but all of them carry significant obstacles. 2:3-4). There is a consensus that the “brother of James” identifies the author... Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.”, Hebrews 11:1 “Now faith is confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.”, Hebrews 12:1 “Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, let us throw off everything that hinders and the sin that so easily entangles. But ultimately, we do not have a conclusive answer to who wrote this book. Zion, a place of joy and celebration. Those who have rejected Pauline authorship are divided as to who did write Hebrews. Hebrews is one of the many section of the bible with an unknown author. First, although we do not have the list of criteria used at the Council of Nicea, there would have been works that the early church would have deemed “apostolic” or having the authority of an Apostle. The missionary impetus of the Christian gospel arose in Jerusalem following the stoning of Stephen when a great persecution broke out and Christians began to scatter (Acts 8). For these reasons, Apollos of Alexandria has been a leading contender for the authorship of Hebrews at least as far back as the great Protestant Reformer, Martin Luther, but he has not been the only contender. We’ve established that someone other than Paul wrote the epistle. It is also assumed that the author of Hebrews was very much influenced by Greek culture because of his constant citations from the Septuagint. Priscilla also did spend a great deal of time with Paul and his companions on their missionary journeys. ... As for Rahab's personal qualities, she not only believed in God but had spiritual discernment to perceive divine leading regarding the Israelite mission. Enhance your school’s traditional and online education programs by easily integrating online courses developed from the scholars and textbooks you trust. Pursue a deeper knowledge of God through self-paced college- and seminary-level online courses in Old and New Testament studies, theology, biblical Greek, and more. While we can’t say for certain who the true author is, we can deduct from the different style of writing that Paul probably wasn’t the true author. Martin Luther believed Apollos was the author. Your form could not be submitted. So how can we trust they made the right decision to put Hebrews, a book with an unknown author, in the Bible? However, the book also seems to miss some of the hallmarks of this author that we see in other books. particularly Jewish people who had converted, California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. So we cannot be sure. No matter who wrote it, God helped those on the Council of Nicea to decide to include the book in the Scriptural canon. Although we may not know who wrote the Book of Hebrews, we do know that it belongs in the Scriptural canon. The author of the Book of Hebrews refers to themselves only seven times in the entire book.” 5 Several modern scholars are leaning toward Priscilla as the author. Clement of Alexandria suggests that Paul wrote the book originally in Hebrew and that Luke translated it into Greek, though the Greek of Hebrews bears no resemblance to translation Greek (e.g., that of the Septuagint). Besides the author of this Epistle had a desire and purpose to go to the Hebrews (Heb. The Epistle to the Hebrews of the Christian Bible is one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed. The Book of Hebrews teaches that Jesus was not an angel (a servant of God from heaven) (Hebrews 1). H. E., VI, 25, 14. It revealed that Judaism based upon the Mosaic Law, Levitical sacrifices, etc. So, when Jews converted to Christianity, they still had ideas ingrained into their minds from the Old Covenant, such as circumcisions. These connections make it very likely that the author was originally from the Alexandrian church, regardless of where he was when he penned the letter, and regardless of to whom it was originally sent. Please enter your email address associated with your Salem All-Pass account, then click Continue. As we've just suggested, the author of Hebrews wrote to exhort his audience. But we've come to Mt. he's writing to writes to the Hebrews and gives them instruction about who has rule. .”. It seems very likely that the author was a Jewish Christian. Zion, not to Mt. She has worked for various publishing companies, magazines, newspapers, and literary agencies and has edited the work of authors such as Jerry B. Jenkins and Michelle Medlock Adams. The style of the book is sometimes like his style, but sometimes it seems different. There are a few reasons why the author may have written to a Jewish audience in these terms. Many people have thought that he was Paul. He helped them to separate the “wheat from the chaff” and determine which books belonged in Scripture. 2:3-4). Traditionally, Paul the Apostle was thought to be the author. Find out more about her at her website. The soteriology of Hebrews is quite consistent with Paul’s own teaching. And so if either Clement or Luke were involved in the production of the extant book of Hebrews, he would have had a very free hand in working with Paul’s material, to the point that he would be an author, not a translator by any modern definition. A. Some traditions hold that the author may have been St. Barnabas or perhaps one of Paul’s other associates or later disciples. So, regarding the author of Hebrews, we’ve seen that he was (1) a man, (2) a second-generation believer (probably not Paul), (3) who may have chosen to remain anonymous to echo the mysterious nature of one of the main characters in his book, Melchizedek. Finally, does the book speak the truth? “God also testified to it by signs, wonders and various miracles, and by gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will.”, 1 Corinthians 12:11 You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. Get started with a free online course. They would have known what books essentially were canon and what were not, but the Council decided to set the record straight and exile the books that did not belong or contained erroneous teachings. Why would the audience need this proof, using several comparisons of Scripture like Hebrews 2:5-9 compared with Psalm 8:4-6? The reason for this is that the persecutions described in Acts 8: 1 and Hebrews 10: 32-34 were intense; Jewish Christians outside Palestine suffered relatively less compared to their counterparts in Palestine (Ogden, 1994). So I don't think there is much of a case the Paul wrote it, but when I read the beginning of Hebrews, it … 6 Hence, the notion that Origen believed Paul was the author fails to persuade. Even at its beginning, the … 1:2, 9:26, 10.25, 10:37. The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." – 220?) Dear Floyd, Yes, we believe Paul wrote Hebrews and enclose the following research to show why. 1:2, 9:26, 10.25, 10:37. And let us run with perseverance the race marked out for us.”. Philippians 2:7 – 8 Although the writer is nowhere identified in the epistle, it is widely believed that the book was written by the apostle Paul. . Second, that leaves us with a close companion of Paul who accompanied him on his journeys, Luke. The most persuasive argument against Pauline authorship. Here’s what we know about Apollos from the Bible: (Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus and Philemon). He eventually became as influential as the apostles Paul and Peter (1 Cor. Today, we can still find hope in these verses written two thousand years ago. eccl. The author does not introduce himself as Paul typically did (cf. Others have suggested a number of Paul’s companions such as Barnabas (Acts 4:36) or Apollos (1 Corinthians 3:4), among others. These were decided When the Council of Nicea decided in 325 AD which books belonged in the New Testament. Letter to the Hebrews, also called Epistle to the Hebrews, abbreviation Hebrews, anonymous New Testament letter traditionally attributed to St. Paul the Apostle but now widely believed to be the work of another Jewish Christian. After all, if we do not know who penned the book, how can we trust that it’s scripturally sound? An even more persuasive argument that the apostle Paul was not the author of Hebrews is the way the author alludes to himself in Hebrews 2:3, stating that the gospel was confirmed “to us” by those who heard the Lord announce salvation. The apostle Paul, for instance, never alludes to Jesus as a priest, which is the major motif of Hebrews. “For by one sacrifice he has made perfect forever those who are being made holy.”, Romans 5:9; 12:1 In any case, the church believed that the contents of the book spoke for themselves and bore the mark of divine inspiration and so included Hebrews in the canon of sacred books. 6:4-6. And being found in appearance as a human being, Hebrews 8:6 The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." As noted above, the stylistic differences influenced Origen, Clement’s student, to such a degree that he finally concluded: “Who wrote the epistle only God knows. Moreover, Barnabas is referred to as an “apostle” (Acts 14:14) and, being a Levite (Acts 4:36), would have had the interest in and knowledge about the priesthood that forms such a dominant theme in Hebrews. She was the teacher of Apollos and was married to Aquila and traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples (see Luke 10:1), and also thought to have been the first example of a female preacher. T he epistle of Hebrews was written to demonstrate to Jews that as great as the Mosaic Law was, as great as the Temple was, as great as the Levitical sacrifices were, Christ was superior (Hebrews 1.1-3, 4-2.18, 3.1-4.13, 4.14-10.18, 10.19-12.29). There are a handful of contenders. Sinai, which he had described in the verses just before, that terrifying mountain that Moses, even Moses who was invited up to the mountain was fearful about ascending. eccl. Rome) was much less willing to accept Pauline authorship. 8:1 – 17). Please check errors and resubmit. The first word of 1 Peter is the author’s name, Petros, and he identifies himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ. The intriguing theory presented in more modern times by the German biblical scholar Adolf Harnack argued that Hebrews was written by Priscilla, the woman who, together with her husband, Aquila, was a close associate of Paul’s. eccl. The author now proves, Hebrews 8:4, that He cannot be a priest in the earthly sanctuary, whence it then follows of itself that He must be so in the heavenly one. . Hope Bolinger is an editor at Crosswalk.com, literary agent at C.Y.L.E., and a graduate of Taylor University's professional writing program. “Since we have now been justified by his blood”; “offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God.”. Attributed all of them carry significant obstacles to show why throughout its.! Was never on Earth before the Romans destroyed the Temple are a few authors! Videos, and the final one, Vision, releases in October of 2021 Hebrews with some.! Identity of the many section of the weight of scholarly inference, the Letter to the Hebrews Heb... 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